Nestled along France's northern coast, Normandy is a region where rolling green meadows meet dramatic chalk cliffs and windswept beaches. While most visitors know Normandy for its D-Day beaches and World War II memorials, its story stretches back over a millennium. The region's very name comes from the "Norsemen" - Vikings who settled here in the 10th century.

From William the Conqueror's ambitious invasion of England to the Allied liberation of France, Normandy has repeatedly taken center stage in history's most pivotal moments. Before you explore this remarkable region's battlefields, medieval abbeys, and historic towns, let's uncover the fascinating story of how a Viking settlement transformed into one of France's most significant regions.

Normandy history: Timeline of events

50 BC: Roman conquest of the region (then called Gallia Lugdunensis)
3rd-4th century AD: First Christian communities established in the region
5th century: Region falls under Frankish control after Roman withdrawal
AD 841: First recorded Viking raids along the Seine River
AD 911: Birth of Normandy - Viking leader Rollo receives lands around Rouen from King Charles the Simple
AD 924: Normans expand territory to include Hiémois (modern-day Orne department) and Bessin (modern-day Calvados area)
AD 933: Cotentin Peninsula (present-day Cherbourg and surroundings) and Avranchin (now south of Manche department) added to Norman territory
AD 1002: Norman-English ties begin as Emma of Normandy marries King Æthelred
AD 1035: William the Conqueror becomes Duke of Normandy
AD 1066: William conquers England after Battle of Hastings
AD 1106: Henry I of England conquers Normandy
1204: French King Philip II seizes Normandy from England
1431: Joan of Arc executed in Rouen
1469: First Norman Bible printed in Rouen
1789: French Revolution begins, affecting Norman nobility and church lands
1870: Prussian forces occupy parts of Normandy
1944, June 6: D-Day landings begin on Normandy beaches
1944, August 25: Operation Overlord concludes with liberation of Paris
1956: Administrative division into Upper and Lower Normandy
2016: Regions reunified as single Normandy region

Normandy history you should know

Early origins: From ancient Gaul to Frankish rule

Before becoming Normandy, this fertile region was home to Celtic tribes until Roman legions arrived in 50 BC. The Romans called it Gallia Lugdunensis and built the city of Rouen which is the capital of Normandy today. Christianity arrived in the 3rd century, with monasteries emerging across the landscape. After Rome's fall in the 5th century, the region fell under Frankish control. You can still see traces of this ancient past in places like Lillebonne's Roman theater and Rouen's archaeological museum.

The Viking age: Birth of Normandy

Everything changed when Viking raiders first sailed up the Seine in 841. These fearsome Norse warriors were also skilled traders and settlers. In 911, their leader Rollo struck a deal with King Charles the Simple: in exchange for protecting the region from other Vikings, Rollo received the land around Rouen. This agreement marked birth of Normandy, the land of the "Norsemen." Within decades, these Vikings adopted French culture and Christianity while expanding their territory to include the areas you'll see on today's Normandy map.

Medieval glory: Between England and France

Normandy's most famous son, William the Conqueror, changed history in 1066 when he invaded England. Born in Falaise Castle (which you can still visit), William's conquest created strong ties between England and Normandy that lasted generations. But this connection led to centuries of conflict between English and French kings. You'll find this medieval legacy everywhere in Normandy today from the magnificent Bayeux Tapestry chronicling William's conquest to the sturdy castles dotting the landscape.

Modern era: From World Wars to present

While Normandy played a role in World War I, it's World War II that left the deepest mark. On June 6, 1944 (D-Day), Allied forces stormed five beaches codenamed Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. After D-Day, Allied forces pushed inland through fierce German resistance, liberating Caen by July and Paris by August. Operation Overlord, as the campaign was known, marked the beginning of Nazi Germany's defeat in Western Europe. Today, the region's war museums and memorials tell this pivotal story. The region's reunification in 2016 marked a new chapter, bringing Upper and Lower Normandy together again as one historic region.